European Refugees

Cindy Kelly: This is Wednesday, March 20. Inge-Juliana Sackmann Christy:    March 20. Kelly: 2019. I’m Cindy Kelly, and I’m in Pasadena, California. And I’m with Inge-Juliana Sackmann Christy. So what I want you to do is say your full name and then spell it. Sackmann Christy:   Inge-Juliana Sackmann Christy. And should I spell it? Kelly:  Yes, […]

Inge-Juliana Sackmann Christy is a physicist and author. Sackmann Christy was born in 1942 in Germany. In the 1950s, she immigrated with her family to Canada. Later, she earned a B.A. in Physics, an M.A. in Astronomy, and a Ph.D. in Astrophysics from the University of Toronto. Then from 1968 to 1970 she continued her […]

Cindy Kelly: I’m Cindy Kelly, Atomic Heritage Foundation. It is Tuesday, November 27, 2018, and I have with me Richard Rhodes. My first question for him is to please say his name and spell it. Richard Rhodes: Richard Rhodes, R-h-o-d-e-s. Kelly:  Okay. Richard wants to share some of his expertise on the history of the […]

Nathaniel Weisenberg: My name is Nate Weisenberg. I am here with the Atomic Heritage Foundation. It is April 25, 2018, here in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. I have with me Lee Russell. Liane Russell: Right. Weisenberg: My first question is if you could please say your name and spell it for me? Russell: My full name […]

Cindy Kelly: I’m Cindy Kelly, Atomic Heritage Foundation. It is Monday, May 28, 2018, in Antony, France. I have with me Hélène Langevin-Joliot. Hélène Langevin-Joliot: My name is Hélène. The name of my husband was Langevin, so I am Hélène Langevin, and Joliot. I was a young girl in a scientific family. I became a scientist. […]

Alexandra Levy: I’m Alexandra Levy. I’m here today with Dr. Avner Cohen. It is May 30, 2018, in Washington, D.C., and my first question is to please say your name and spell it. Avner Cohen: I’m Avner Cohen. A-v-n-e-r, first name, last name Cohen, C-o-h-e-n. Levy: If you could tell us where and when you were born. Cohen: I […]

Cindy Kelly: I’m Cindy Kelly, Atomic Heritage Foundation. It is Thursday, April 21 [misspoke: April 19], 2018, and I’m in Columbus, Ohio with Thom Mason. My first question to him is to say his full name and spell it. Thomas Mason: My name’s Thomas Mason. T-H-O-M-A-S M-A-S-O-N. Kelly: The first thing I wanted to have you […]

Cindy Kelly: I’m Cindy Kelly, Atomic Heritage Foundation. I am in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. It is Friday, May 11, 2018. I have with me Spencer Weart. My first question is to ask him to say his name and spell it. Spencer Weart: I am Spencer Weart, W-E-A-R-T, like heart. Kelly: Great. Spencer, you are a physicist. […]

Cindy Kelly: I’m Cindy Kelly, it is Tuesday, February 6, 2018. I’m in Fort Lauderdale Beach, Florida, and I have with me Dieter Gruen. I want him first to say his name and then spell it. Dieter Gruen: My name is Dieter Gruen, D-i-e-t-e-r G-r-u-e-n.  Kelly: Thank you very much. Now, I want to start […]

Robert S. Norris: By the late 30s, physicists, in Europe primarily, but some in America too, were making great discoveries about the atom. The key date here was January 1939, when European scientists had discovered fission. News of that was brought to the United States by Niels Bohr. Actually, it was brought to Washington, DC, […]